一 | 选购牛肉，这几点要注意(有问有答) 近年来，牛肉消费需求持续增长，市面上冰鲜、冷冻、热鲜牛肉品类繁多。不少消费者因不了解3种牛肉的加工工艺区别、看不懂产品包装标签，选购时容易走入误区。 针对这些消费疑问，记者采访了浙江省农科院畜牧兽医研究所研究员蒋永清，结合肉类国家标准答疑解惑。 冷鲜牛肉是商超主流销售品类。牛屠宰后立即进入0至4摄氏度恒温冷链，经过12小时以上低温排酸解僵，之后可分为普通覆膜、真空、气调锁鲜包装，保鲜周期为3至14天。 LEWES, Del. -- Betsy Rawls trained to be a physicist and instead devoted her life to golf, first as a four-time U.S. Women's Open champion and later as a tournament administrator, a remarkable career that landed her in the World Golf Hall of Fame.Rawls, who won eight majors in her 55 LPGA Tour titles, died Saturday at her beach home in Delaware, the LPGA Tour confirmed. She was 95.“There are simply not many careers that can compare to Betsy's,” said Mike Whan, the CEO of the USGA and former LPGA Tour commissioner.He cited her 55 wins and eight majors — Rawls ranks sixth on both lists — along with her induction into the LPGA and World Golf Hall of Fame, the Bob Jones Award and her 17 years as tournament director of what was then the LPGA Championship.“She was a legend in the game who would have been successful in anything she pursued, so we are all lucky she made golf her passion,”Whan said.The intention was always in the field of physics. That's what Rawls was studying at the University of Texas when she connected with fabled swing coach Harvey Penick. She won the Texas Women's Amateur in 1949 and 1950, and she finished runner-up to Babe Zaharias in the 1950 U.S. Women's Open.“I had every intention of being a physicist,” Rawls said in a story posted on the LPGA's website. "I played golf for fun and never considered turning professional. Then I decided it would be more fun to be in golf than physics, and Wilson paid me a salary and all my expenses. They paid my expenses for 20 years. One year, I gave 120 clinics.”She won the U.S. Women's Open by five shots over Louise Suggs in 1951, the first of four titles in the biggest event in women's golf. Only the late Mickey Wright won as many Opens. Wright once said, "Betsy has always been committed to work and dedicated to the game. I can think of only two women who have achieved as much, not only as players but for their lifetime contributions, and that’s Betsy and Patty Berg.”Rawls was born May 4, 1928, in Spartanburg, South Carolina, though she moved to Texas in 1940 and grew up mostly in Arlington.She won at least once a year from 1951 through 1965. She won the last of her eight majors at age 41 in the 1969 LPGA Championship by four shots.Rawls led the LPGA Tour money list in 1952 and 1959. She won the Vare Trophy for the lowest scoring average in 1959 and led the LPGA in victories three times.She was part of the inaugural class for the LPGA Hall of Fame in 1967 and in 1996 received the Bob Jones Award, the highest honor by the USGA. She became the first woman to work the men's U.S. Open as a rules official in 1980.She also was the LPGA president in 1961 and 1962, and after retiring from full-time competition in 1975, she worked a tournament director and later ran the LPGA Championship.“Anyone who can make a living in golf is lucky,” Rawls once said. “Then to receive all the benefits accorded to me in the process … well, that makes me feel fortunate. It’s more than I could possibly deserve.”___AP golf: https://apnews.com/hub/golf。 冷冻牛肉则是将分割好的牛肉送入速冻库或急冻间，在48小时内，使牛肉中心温度降至零下15摄氏度到零下18摄氏度，并在零下18摄氏度以下保存，保质期可达12个月，适合家庭批量储备。 热鲜牛肉则是牛屠宰后2至6小时直接上市流通，全程不进行低温排酸处理，多在农贸市场现场分割售卖。 蒋永清表示，3类牛肉的主要差异在于屠宰后的温控处理，蛋白质、矿物质等核心营养差别不大，主要区别体现在口感嫩度、汁水留存等层面。 热鲜牛肉原生肉香浓郁，但屠宰后12至24小时肌肉进入僵直高峰期，肉质偏硬，适合薄片涮煮，且常温售卖易滋生微生物，必须当日食用完毕。冷鲜牛肉经低温排酸软化肌纤维，肉质细嫩多汁，低温环境有效抑制细菌繁殖，适配煎、炒、炖、烤等多种烹饪方式，仅有少量风味物质轻微转化。 选购时如何查看标签，怎样挑选性价比更高的产品？ 蒋永清表示，产品标签是辨别牛肉品质的重要依据，不同品类查验重点各有区分。选购冷鲜牛肉，务必查看包装印制的动物检疫合格证明、肉品品质检验合格证，真空、气调标识代表长效保鲜。选购热鲜牛肉，查看摊位公示的当日检疫单据，优先挑选表面干爽、无大量渗水的牛肉，渗水严重的多为翻新冻肉冒充。选购冷冻牛肉，认准包装“极速冷冻”标识，标准储存温度不高于零下18摄氏度，优先选择独立小包装产品。
二 | 后续储存、解冻存在哪些常见误区，如何减少食材损耗？ 蒋永清说，牛肉口感变差，根源在于储存和解冻方式不当。冷鲜牛肉应存放于0至4摄氏度冷藏柜，建议3天内吃完；冷冻牛肉应按单次食用量分袋密封存放，避免频繁解冻。最优解冻方式为冰箱冷藏缓化，汁水流失最少；紧急情况可密封冷水浸泡，定时换水。切勿用热水直接解冻，高温会让蛋白质快速变性，肉质干柴，加速营养流失。 本报记者 刘军国 《人民日报》(2026年08月10日 第 10 版)。
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